What Is Gamma Radiation

Gamma radiation or gamma rays are high-energy photons that are emitted by radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. Gamma radiation is very high-energy form of ionizing radiation, with the shortest wavelength. Key Takeaways: Gamma Radiation Gamma radiation (gamma rays) refers to the part of the electromagnetic spectrum with the most energy and shortest wavelength.Astrophysicists define gamma radiation as any radiation with an energy above 100 keV. Physicists define gamma radiation as high-energy photons released by nuclear decay.Using the broader definition of gamma radiation, gamma rays are released by sources including gamma decay, lightning, solar flares, matter-antimatter annihilation, the interaction between cosmic rays and matter, and many astronomical sources.Gamma radiation was discovered by Paul Villard in 1900.Gamma radiation is used to study the universe, treat gemstones, scan containers, sterilize foods and equipment, diagnose medical conditions, and treat some forms of cancer. History French chemist and physicist Paul Villard discovered gamma radiation in 1900. Villard was studying radiation emitted by the element radium. While Villard observed the radiation from radium was more energetic than the alpha rays described by Rutherford in 1899 or the beta radiation noted by Becquerel in 1896, he did not identify gamma radiation as a new form of radiation. Expanding upon Villards word, Ernest Rutherford named the energetic radiation gamma rays in 1903. The name reflects the level of penetration of radiation into matter, with alpha being least penetrating, beta being more penetrating, and gamma radiation passing through matter most readily. Health Effects Gamma radiation presents a significant health risk. The rays are a form of ionizing radiation, which means they have enough energy to remove electrons from atoms and molecules. However, they are less likely to ionization damage than less-penetrating alpha or beta radiation. The high energy of the radiation also means gamma rays possess high penetrating power. They pass through skin and damage internal organs and bone marrow. Up to a certain point, the human body can repair genetic damage from exposure to gamma radiation. The repair mechanisms seems to be more efficient following a high-dose exposure than a low-dose exposure. Genetic damage from gamma radiation exposure may lead to cancer. Natural Gamma Radiation Sources There are numerous natural sources of gamma radiation. These include: Gamma decay: This is the release of gamma radiation from natural radioisotopes. Usually, gamma decay follows alpha or beta decay where the daughter nucleus is excited and falls to a lower energy level with the emission of a gamma radiation photon. However, gamma decay also results from nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, and neutron capture. Antimatter annihilation: The an electron and a positron annihilate each other, extremely high-energy gamma rays are released. Other subatomic sources of gamma radiation besides gamma decay and antimatter include bremsstrahlung, synchrotron radiation, neutral pion decay, and Compton scattering. Lightning: The accelerated electrons of lightning produces what is called a terrestrial gamma-ray flash. Solar flares: A solar flare may release radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum, including gamma radiation. Cosmic rays: The interaction between cosmic rays and matter releases gamma rays from bremsstrahlung or pair-production. Gamma rays bursts: Intense bursts of gamma radiation may be produced when neutron stars collide or when a neutron star interacts with a black hole. Other astronomical sources: Astrophysics also study gamma radiation from pulsars, magnetars, quasars, and galaxies. Gamma Rays Versus X-Rays Both gamma rays and x-rays are forms of electromagnetic radiation. Their electromagnetic spectrum overlaps, so how can you tell them apart? Physicists differentiate the two types of radiation based on their source, where gamma rays originate in the nucleus from decay, while x-rays originate in the electron cloud around the nucleus. Astrophysicists distinguish between gamma rays and x-rays strictly by energy. Gamma radiation has a photon energy above 100 keV, while x-rays only have energy up to 100 keV. Sources LAnnunziata, Michael F. (2007). Radioactivity: introduction and history. Elsevier BV. Amsterdam, Netherlands. ISBN 978-0-444-52715-8.Rothkamm, K.; Là ¶brich, M. (2003). Evidence for a lack of DNA double-strand break repair in human cells exposed to very low x-ray doses. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (9): 5057–62. doi:10.1073/pnas.0830918100Rutherford, E. (1903). The magnetic and electric deviation of the easily absorbed rays from radium. Philosophical Magazine, Series 6, vol. 5, no. 26, pages 177–187.Villard, P. (1900). Sur la rà ©flexion et la rà ©fraction des rayons cathodiques et des rayons dà ©viables du radium. Comptes rendus, vol. 130, pages 1010–1012.

Induction Example

Essays on Induction Coursework Induction Introduction Induction is sourcing from facts and occurrences that channel to progress of a general judgment. Even though the facts used to make conclusion are expectedly true, the conclusion established may be erroneous1. An example of induction is that most Americans go for vacations on winter seasons. Therefore, we can generalize that all Britons attends holiday during the winter period. Knowledge of causation states that for a particular phenomenon to occur under specific conditions there must be another thing that leads to it. Knowledge of causation is helpful in the anticipation of regularity in that one can determine the results of a certain issue following prior experience. Intentions of particular causes include logical and causal relations. Therefore, it is possible for one to decide when anticipating regularity on whether to end or commence to hold on an idea (Bernecker Dretske, 2000). Hume disagrees with idea induction and causation. In causation, he critique t hat though one issue leads to another it’s also possible that one issue does not lead to another. Hume reviewed that the reasoning in induction is circular and do not have a foundation. He justified this in two ways. First, he argued that logic could not assure our inductions. The other justification is that an individual can only assume that experience about something is likely to remain repeated. Hume permits the use of induction and causation on daily experiences if only one recognizes the constraints of their knowledge. In conclusion, Hume’s argument about the causal theory and induction relied on his skepticism and casual necessity. It is exhibited by the fact that he did support neither the induction reasoning nor the knowledge of causation.Reference list Curnow, T., Introducing Philosophy for Everyday Life: A Practical Guide, London, Icon, 2012.

Phyllis Hunter on Reading Rockets Reaction Paper Free Essays

Reaction Paper to Phyllis Hunter on Reading Rockets The podcast of Phyllis Hunter on Reading Rockets: Meet the Experts titled Teaching Reading demonstrated the importance of teaching children to read right the first time. According to Hunter (2008) reading is the first civil right because without being able to read well and strategically, one is unable to access his or her other civil rights and that teaching children to read is a schools first mission. Children need to be reading at grade level or above before completing the third grade (Hunter, 2008). We will write a custom essay sample on Phyllis Hunter on Reading Rockets: Reaction Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now I agree with Hunter’s statement that good is not good enough when we can do better. Teaching children to read is one area where we cannot afford to settle for good, we must strive for best. Reading is a fundamental skill that is necessary for all future learning. Hunter (2008) discussed the need to use the research and not teach with the method that he or she feels is the right thing. Teachers need to be able to read and evaluate research to find what will be of value and has creditable in classroom instruction. Teachers must be committed to being a lifelong learner. Learning must then be incorporated into the classroom teaching practices. Stanovich Stanovich (2003) contend that â€Å"scientific research about what works does not usually find its way into most classrooms. † Teachers must be committed to making proven methods a part of their daily instruction techniques. According to Hunter (2008) the best schools use the proven research methods in their classroom. Taylor (2002) referenced the following characteristics of teachers who are effective in teaching children to read: Maintaining instructional balance, spark higher-level thinking by discussing what was read, teach how to transfer skills and strategies to independent reading, coaching as children are reading and writing, foster a sense of responsibility in children for their own learning, provide motivating instruction with many opportunities for reading and writing, teachers have high expectations that their pupils can do well, manage their classroom, foster strong parent relationships. If one agrees with Hunter that our children deserve the best in reading education, then one must develop the best characteristics in ones teaching style. Just as it is best to teach reading right the first time, it is best to start out on the right path using proven methods than to try to correct latter. References Hunter Phyllis, (2008). Phyllis Hunter (Teaching Reading). Reading Rockets present Meet the Experts. Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://www. readingrockets. org/podcasts/experts Taylor, B. M. (2002). Characteristics of teachers that are effective in teaching all children to read. National Education Association. Retrieved September 2, 2008. Stanovich, P. J. , Stanovich, K. E. (2003). Using Research and Reason in Education. National Institute for Literacy. Retrieved September 2, 2008, from http://www. nifl. gov/partnershipforreading/ How to cite Phyllis Hunter on Reading Rockets: Reaction Paper, Essay examples