Tuesday, December 24, 2019

Essay on Prescription Drugs and Drug Abuse in the United...

With access to prescription drugs, people are able to treat a multitude of diseases and illnesses. These drugs help deal with pain, inability to sleep, depression, and much more. Every day we are increasingly living in a world where there is better living through chemicals. However, what most do not seem to see is the rising tide of pain, illness, and ultimately death being caused by the pills people take every day. Most keep drugs in a special place in their minds, where they see them as harmless. Sadly, this is not the case, and in some cases our prescription drugs can be just as harmful as illegal drugs (King 68). In addition, these drugs are just as addicting as some of the drugs that most hold to be off-limits, and need to be†¦show more content†¦Opioid drugs are some of the most widespread pain medications that we have in this country; indeed, the fact is that opioid analgesic prescriptions have increased by over 300% from 1999 to 2010 (Mitch 989). Consequently, the number of deaths from overdose increased from 4000 to 16,600 a year in the same time frame (Mitch 989). This fact becomes even more frightening when you think about today; the annual number of fatal drug overdoses in the Unites States now surpasses that of motor vehicle deaths (Alexander 1865). Even worse, overdose deaths caused by opioids specifically exceed those attributed to both cocaine and heroin combined (Alexander 1865). While our major access to these drugs is doctors, we cannot simply lay blame on them, as there is not enough knowledge about these treatments to correctly appropriate drugs, and therefore extra is given (Hemphill 373). Alexander of the Department of Epidemiology of the Journal of the American Medical Association, states that â€Å"There are serious gaps in the knowledge base regarding opioid use for other chronic nonmalignant pain† (Alexander 1865-1866), which leads to the unfortunately large number of leftover drugs. In fact, the main place that people get their drugs are from leftover prescriptions (Hemphill 373). This leads to a bigger problem for our youth, where 81% of OTC drug abusers also end up using marijuana and hallucinogens (King 68). Over a million arrests are made every year forShow MoreRelatedPrescription Drug Abuse And The United States With Students2605 Words   |  11 Pages Running Head: Prescription Drug Abuse Prescription Drug Abuse in the United States with students Vikash Patel Wayne State University Prescription drug abuse among college students have increased over the past few years and is now a national problem. College students are abusing stimulant prescription pills just to stay awake to study and they will abuse the prescription pills just to stay awake to socialize with friends. According to the journal of Human Behavior in the Social EnvironmentRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse And Prescription Drugs1487 Words   |  6 PagesPrescription Drug Abuse Prescription Drug Abuse has increased in an alarming rate over recent years! Prescription drug related deaths now outnumber those from heroin and cocaine combined. The abuse in prescription drugs in America goes back more than a hundred years ago. Prescription drug abuse is the use of a medication without a prescription, in a way other than prescribed, or for the experience or feelings elicited. Although prescription medications are intended to help individuals, they canRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse And Prescription Drugs Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesMost people are familiar with prescription medications; almost everyone has taken them at one point or another during their lifetime. Not all prescription drugs are addicting, but a large number of them are. Prescription drug abuse is a disease that has become a major problem in the United States, which affects over six-million Americans. Prescription drug abuse not only affects the individual, but can additionally have far-rea ching consequences that affect family, personal health, employmentRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse : Drug And Free World1508 Words   |  7 Pagesin the United States, 2,500 youth aged 12 to 17 abuse a prescription pain reliever for the first time (â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse Statistics – Overdoes Deaths – Drug-Free World,†n.d.) A 2007 survey in the United States found that 3.3% of 12 to 17 years olds and 6% of 17 to 25 year olds had abused prescription drugs in the past month (â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse Statistics – Overdoes Deaths – Drug-Free World,†n.d.) Prescription drug abuse causes the largest percentage of deaths from drug overdosesRead MorePrescription Medications And Illicit Drugs Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesDrugs in the United States are a complex issue that ranges from legal, over-the-counter and prescription medications to illicit substances that are highly addictive. While many people have a legitimate need for me dication to function on a daily basis, there are also many incidences where these potentially helpful drugs are abused. When legal medications are abused, they cause the same personal, social and economic problems as illicit substances. This paper will look at the use of both prescriptionRead MoreThe Problem Of Prescription Drug Abuse1461 Words   |  6 Pages(Quotes about Drug Abuse). This quote by Wayne Gerald Trotman describes how heartbreaking it is to contemplate on exactly how many people’s lives have been adversely impacted as a result of abuse. Child abuse, animal abuse, and sexual abuse are all major types of abuse; however, prescription drug abuse is a problem that is drastically skyrocketing in today’s society. While other addictions and abuses are equally significant, it is imperative that people put a stop to prescription drug abuse using twoRead MorePrescription Drugs Are Not A Problem961 Words   |  4 Pagesthere has been a growing concern for illeg al drugs, alcohol, tobacco products, over-the-counter drugs, and prescription drugs. All of these legal and illegal drugs have caused issues throughout North Carolina as well as the country, but one of the growing concerns is prescription drug abuse. One of the counties in North Carolina that has been affected the most by this epidemic is Robeson County. According to National Institute on Drug Abuse, â€Å"prescription medications, such as those used to treat painRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse. Did You Know That Prescription1173 Words   |  5 PagesPrescription Drug Abuse Did you know that prescription drug abuse is one of the leading causes of death in the United States? â€Å"According to the Journal of the American Medical Association, two-hundred and ninety people in the United States are killed by prescription drugs every day. (White)† That number is growing every year due to the lack of knowledge of prescription drugs and the potential harm they can cause. Many people are under the misconception that prescription drugs are safe becauseRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse1298 Words   |  5 Pagessick. Prescription drugs are being taken for reasons other than the ones they are being prescribed for, fueling an addiction that impacts as many as 48 million Americans (Prescription Drug Abuse WebMD). According to MedLinePlus, an estimated 20 percent of people in the United States have used prescription drugs for nonmedical reasons. This is prescription drug abuse. While a considerable amount of time, resources, and attention are focused on the problems associated with illicit drugs, prescriptionRead MorePrescription Pain Medications Are Supposed To Improve The1225 Words   |  5 PagesPrescription pain medications are supposed to improve the health and well-being of an individual. Oxycontin, an opioid drug, is meant to help people manage their pain symptoms; however, many people are unaware that there is a danger of abuse of receiving drugs prescribed by their physicians. The essays â€Å"How to Create an Addiction† and â€Å"Erin Daly: OxyWatchdog† by Cynthia Andrzejczyk explore the problem of prescription drugs in the United States. Since 1999, prescription drug epidemic in the United

Sunday, December 15, 2019

The European Chivalry the Ideals and Practices Free Essays

The Ideals and Practices Andrew Daniels Strayed University Abstract This paper focuses on the ideals and practices of chivalry, specifically in the Middle Ages. During this time, a list of Ten Commandments pertaining to chivalry existed. Knights were expected to uphold a certain code that impacted their country, church, king, and fellow man. We will write a custom essay sample on The European Chivalry: the Ideals and Practices or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will elaborate on those individual commandments and explore what each mandate meant for a knight, and it will show how those obligations affected various aspects of their lives. Also, the paper will touch on heavily In relation to a knight’s demeanor toward a woman, and the rules that were to be followed when engaging in courtly love. Lastly, one will see how some of these ideas have carried into modern day, though they have been altered throughout time. Picture King Arthur, a knight In shining armor, waging war against his former knight Lancelot to prove his love for Guinevere. Most people envision such scenes when they hear the word â€Å"chivalry. While dragon-slaying knights and tales of rescuing damsels in distress have contributed to our notion of chivalry, many more unifying aspects make up what it means to be chivalrous. I will be delving into the true meaning behind the principles and what it means to be a knight devoted to the ideals of chivalry. Knights first evolved in the eighth century under the direction of the French ruler Charlemagne; It was from this time that the Idea of chivalry arose. Though the code of chivalry was never formall y written, it was understood by all as a way of culture and moral conduct. During the Middle Ages, knights upheld the ideals and practices delineated in The Code of Chivalry. These values ranged from dedication to the church, to defending the weak and defending your country, and loading yourself to a higher standard by being faithful to your word and respecting others. The unspoken Ten Commandments revealed the duties a knight was to defend. This paper will further expand upon the customs of knights and their chivalric ways. One of the major components of chivalry dealt with protecting the church. The first commandment stated, â€Å"thou shall believe all that the church teaches, and shall observe all its directions† (Marshall, 2002). The second commandment simply stated, â€Å"thou shall defend the Church† (Marshall, 2002). In the Middle Ages Christianity in ten Tort AT cottontails was ten only practice religion. I en snuck played a Olsten and dominate role in the majority of people’s lives, not only medieval knights. Beginning as free peasants, knights often pillaged churches. Due to such violence, Rome declared knights the protectors of churches starting in the tenth century and threatening sanctions against any who ransacked churches. Later, in the 1 lath century, the Truce of God asserted that knights should not make war on all holy days, all saints days or Thursday through Sunday. Abiding to these rules meant that knights exhibited their chivalric duty by observing the churches directions. Not only did the knights protect the church, but the church protected the knights’ estate if he embarked on a Crusade to Jerusalem, the supposed burial sight of Jesus. During his time away, the knight was also exempt from paying taxes to the church (Warrior Challenge, 2003). While knights were required to defend the church, they were also expected to defend the weak, according to the Code of Chivalry (Marshall, 2002). Knights were expected to protect the weak and innocent. Given a plot of land for their services, rather than monetary compensation, knights were required to oversee the land in order to keep agricultural procedures running smoothly and to ensure the well-being over their serfs. Another knightly duty was to avenge the wronged. This was possible with extensive training from the age of seven to twenty one. In this fourteen year span, knights learned everything from hunting and falconry to wielding a battle and vaulting on a horse in heavy armor (Martin, 1991). With a repertoire of experiences such as these, knights were surely qualified to shield anyone weaker than them. Moreover, knights â€Å"shall love the country in which thou waist born† (Marshall, 2002). Knights upheld this chivalric code by living to serve their king and country. In the eighth century when Charlemagne ruled over his vast empire he enacted many longstanding ideas both in religion and education. During this period he and his vassals were involved in protecting their borders; without such a charismatic leader knights may not have been so obliged to serve and defend their king and country. In order to exhibit love for his country, the knight was sure to obey the king, country, and Code of Chivalry. The fifth commandment found in the code of chivalry, â€Å"thou shall not recoil before thing enemy’ (Marshall, 2002). In a time when battles were common, knights were expected to fight with honor and die with valor. These traits would have been taught to these men when they were squires training to be knights. However, knights also established principles of what not to do in battle. It was thought chivalrous to never attack an unarmed foe, never use a weapon on an opponent not equal to the attack, and never attack from behind (Marshall, 2002). By maintaining these principles a knight showed respect to themselves, their king and their country. The next commandment reads, â€Å"thou shall make war against the Infidel without sensation and without mercy,† which relates to the seventh commandment â€Å"thou snail perform scrupulously tiny Teal outlets, IT teen De not contrary to ten laws AT God† (Marshall, 2002). Certain tasks categorized under these two commandments were thought of as chivalrous. One such task stated that knights were to destroy evil in all of its atrocious forms. Knights were required to fight for the ideals of their king, country and chivalry, which meant annihilating all those that attempted to steal land or rob people within the kingdom’s borders in which a knight resided. Protection of one’s country by destroying the enemy remained a priority for knights, as long as they did not betray any teachings of the church. Knights also abided by the code, â€Å"thou shall never lie, and shall remain faithful to thy pledged word† (Marshall, 2002). It was thought gallant to live a life complete with respect and honor. Knights should not take for granted their freedom or their livelihood, and they must remain thankful for the opportunities provided to them. Of course, if knights kept their word of honor, they must avoid lying or cheating their fellow man. Living an existence abundant of deception would defy the principals hose chivalrous men were to uphold. Just as it was thought unethical to deceive their fellow man, it was also thought improper to desert a friend or ally in need. Likewise, knights were not to relinquish a noble cause, whether it presented itself in the form of a battle, defending one’s church, or protecting one’s country (Marshall, 2002). By living a truthful, honest existence, knights became role models of suitable gentlemen, which have contributed to our current view of the word chivalry today. Additionally, the code of chivalry demands, â€Å"thou shall be generous, and give largesse to everyone† (Marshall, 2002). Sir Thomas Malory provides a glimpse into such charitable actions as he recounts a scene between King Arthur and Sir Lancelot in his legend El Mortem d’art. After Arthur learns of Lancelot and Gunrunner’s affair, he wages war against Lancet’s kingdom, only to find himself at the mercy of Lancelot and his kinsman, Sir Boors’ sword Not so hardy, said Sir Lancelot, upon pain of thy head, that thou touch him no more, for I will never see that most noble king that made me knight neither slain en shamed. And therewith Sir Lancelot alighted off his horse and took up the king ND horsed him again, and said thus: My lord Arthur, for God’s love stint this strife, for ye get here no worship, and I would do mine utterance, but always I forbear you, and ye nor none of yours forbear me; my lord, remember what I have done in many places, and now I am evil rewarded (Taylor, 2010, Para. L). Lancelot spares Urethra’s life, remembering when Arthur once placed his faith in Lancelot by making him his knight. Despite the quarrel between the former friends over Guinevere, they still respect one another. In this instance Lancet’s generosity outweighs his desire to defeat Arthur. Such demonstrations of largesse, whether legend or not, reveal the true meaning behind this commandment. The final commandment documented in the Code of Chivalry states, â€Å"thou shall be everywhere and always the champion of the Right and the Good against Injustice an Eve â€Å"(Marshall,2 I Nils last commandment Disloyally encapsulates ten tore mentioned orders, reminding knights to live for all that is virtuous and to reinforce the need to respect the authority of country, church and king. Knights were to avoid certain practices such as torture and deceit; they were to remain loyal to their friends ND those who placed their trust in them. Furthermore, the concept of respecting women was considered a significant courtesy, though not directly mentioned in the Ten Commandments of Chivalry. Men were to exhibit manners at all times, and they must be polite and attentive to women. Additionally, gentlemen showed respect to whoever should be their host. Andrea Aquaplanes, a 12th century author, wrote De Amour, known today in English as The Art of Courtly Love. In his work, he addresses the â€Å"twelve chief rules of love,† and elaborates on thirty-one aspect of â€Å"the art of courtly love. Rules that men must abide by consisted of topics such as chastity: â€Å"Thou shall keep thyself chaste for the sake of her whom thou loves† (Marshall, 2002). Within these numerous rules, one can see what was thought of as proper in a relationship and the graciousness that was displayed toward women (Marshall, 2002). Concepts such as this reveal the origins of present day views on chivalry or in some opinions, the lack of chivalry. Overall, I feel the principles that contribute to the idea of chivalry, whether or not construed by legend, are important ones. The codes that knights abided by revealed number of characteristics: faith, loyalty, strength, honesty, generosity and courtesy. I believe living an existence according to these principles, or even attempting to attain such standards, makes a person a superior, well-rounded individual. Incorporating such characteristics into one’s everyday life allows a person to be more virtuous, and these values reinforce one’s relationship with the church, country and allies. The romanticism of chivalry has survived to present day, though the code is not held to standards nearly as high as in the past with the majority of the ideas falling to the wayside. I believe a rejuvenation of several of these notions could benefit factions of society and reinstate principles that should be essential for all mankind. How to cite The European Chivalry: the Ideals and Practices, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Real GDP Growth Rate and Real GDP Per Capita

Question: Define and Explain Real GDP, Real GDP Growth Rate and real GDP per Capita. Answer: Introduction UK economy is selected to analyze the economic performance over the last decade (from 2005 to 2014). England, Great Britain and Northern Ireland constitute UK. It is a member of European Union (EU). In Europe, it is the third largest economy. In this country, more than 80% population speaks English language (EUbusiness, 2014). The central bank of this country is Bank of England that takes actions on the behalf of government to improve economic conditions. Production Output Performance Analysis Define and Explain Real GDP, Real GDP Growth Rate and real GDP per Capita The major factor to analyze macro-economy of a country includes Gross Domestic Production (GDP). GDP represents total production of an economy over a specified time period in monetary values (Tucker, 2010). Real GDP, real GDP growth rate and real GDP per capita analysis measure production output of a country, which is explained below: Real GDP: It is an economic measure that reflects inflation adjusted financial value of goods and services produced within a nation during a specific time period. This provides a way to measure the economic performance a nation. It is defined by Office for National Statistics (ONS) as the sum total of the final output an economy produces (Khan, 2014). This indicator captures and presents value of an economy in monetary value. Thus, real GDP includes valuation of overall production economy with the consideration of inflation (Mankiw, 2014). This helps to measure economic value of a nation. Increase in GDP indicates that an economys performance has improved, whereas decline in GDP means poor performance. Real GDP Growth Rate: The growth rate of real GDP indicates the rate of change to which GDP has changed over a period of time. The economic value of a nations output is likely to change overtime. The growth rate helps to determine the change in the nations output. Increase in rate of GDP reflects economic improvements in the county and vice versa (McTaggart et al., 2012). Real GDP per capita: It is also an important indicator to measure the wealth of a nation. Real GDP per capita means average GDP per person in an economy. It helps to determine actual increase or decrease in the level of GDP per person (Tucker, 2010). This reflects the wealth of individuals in an economy. Thus, it provides a way to measure economic performance. Performance Trends of UK Economy Below graph shows real GDP performance within UK Economy: (OECD, 2016) From the above graph, it is determined that the production output of this county is improving consistently after 2010. Financial crisis of 2008 has adverse impact on the performance of production output of UK that caused decline in the real GDP. Currently, the production level of this country has improved significantly in last 5 years. This indicates that the production output of services and goods are increasing that contributes in rise of GDP volume of the country. Following graph shows real GDP growth within UK Economy: (World Bank, 2015) On the basis of above graph, it is analyzed that the economic financial crisis caused significant decline in the GDP growth rate. Due to this, highly negative (-4.31%) GDP has incurred. But at the same time, significant improvement in economic performance after 2009 is also analyzed from the above graph. Below graph shows performance trend for the Real GDP per Capita (World Bank, 2015) It is analyzed on the basis of above graph that GDP per capital in this country shows signs of improvement after 2010. Before, it has declined significantly due to global financial crisis. But, the performance trends of last five years shows increase in real GDP per capita. Government Measures to Achieve Production Output Performance For boosting the production level of this country, UK government has taken several measures which mainly include fiscal and monetary policies. Through declining rate of interest, government has adopted expansionary monetary policy to increase money supply in the market. It made the borrowings more attractive that encougred people to spend and demand more. Business obtained cheap finance to make investment (GOV.UK, 2016). This policy has played critical role in boosting the demand and supply within the economy that caused rise in production level. After economic crisis, expansionary fiscal policy has adopted by the government. By increasing government spending and lowering tax rates, government facilitated increase in the production level (GOV.UK, 2016). Due to low tax rates, disposable income of people and businesses has increased that facilitated significant increase in the demand and supply in economy. This encougred businesses to produce more that helped government to achieve output performance (Veldkamp, 2011). Labour market analysis Unemployment trends based on unemployment rates: The below diagram shows the unemployment rates from 2004 to 2014: From the above diagram, it can be determine that there is a fluctuating trend in unemployment in the UK economy. From 2004 to 2011, there was an increasing unemployment trend in the UK economy, but after this, there is a significant decline in unemployment rate due to generation of more jobs in the country. In 2004, the unemployment rate was 4.8%, while in 2014; it was 6.2% showing a significant growth in unemployment and an increasing trend in unemployment since 2004. Definition of unemployment and types of unemployment in an economy: According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), unemployment can be defined as a situation where people do not have a job, have searched job in the past four weeks and are currently available for job (Mankiw, 2012). It is related to the people, who have no job and are unable to get a job in an economy. There are three types f unemployment namely frictional, structural and cyclical unemployment. Frictional unemployment occurs due to the normal turnover in labor market. It is because people move or change occupations as they are temporarily between jobs. On the other hand, structural unemployment arises when people have lost their work due to change in the economy such as automation or changes in demand of required skills. At the same time, cyclical unemployment is related to unemployment because of decline in total production of the economy. It occurs when an economy is facing changes in business cycle like recession. Types of unemployment in the UK economy: It is noted down from the unemployment trend that there is a significant increase in unemployment rate after financial crisis in 2008-09. It shows that there was a big recession in UK economy that affected its unemployment trend at a large extent. On the basis of this, it can be stated that, there is cyclical unemployment in the UK economy due to fluctuations in economic conditions of the country. There is a economic slowdown in UK that affected employment and increased unemployment at a significant level. It is because there is no enough demand to employ all labor. At the same time, the UK economy also faces structural unemployment because of changes in structure of the countrys economy that have affected some industries and occupations (McEachern, 2013). In addition, there is mismatch between job and skills that creates difficulty in recruitment. Due to outsourcing and business expansion in other countries, the firms of UK have reduced employment in the country that has affected a million of jobs in the UK economy. Governments measures adopted to achieve full employment: From the unemployment trends, it can be determined that after 2011, unemployment rate is decreasing at continuous level. The reason behind this decline in unemployment is the government measures that are taken to achieve full employment. The UK government focused on different policies including macroeconomic policies, welfare reform and employment and skills policy. The main focus of the government was on the removal of bureaucracy, deregulation and prioritizing action to restore UK competitiveness (Lambert, 2016). At the same time, the government of UK also adopted some reforms by removing demand-side problems in the labour market such as the trade-offs between an increasingly flexible labour market and insecure and low-paid jobs and growing wage inequalities. Price level analysis Inflation trend based on inflation rate: There are high fluctuations in inflation rate of UK during the period between 2004 and 2014. The below diagram shows the inflation rates of the UK economy from 2004 to 2014: The above diagram shows that there was an increasing trend in inflation rate from 2004 to 2008. After this, in 2009, there was a great decline in inflation rate in year 2009 due to the impact of economic slowdown in the country. After this, there was an increasing trend after 2009 till 2011 due to economic reforms by the government. After 2011, there is a decreasing inflation trend in the UK economy leading to zero-economy. Therefore, the inflation rate is increased from 1.3% in 2004 to 1.5 % in 2014 (Lynch, 2015). Definition of inflation and typical causes of inflation: Inflation can be defined as a percentage change in the value of the Wholesale Price Index (WPI) on a year-on year basis (Mankiw, 2012). It shows an increase in the aggregate price level or the cost of living in an economy. The typical causes of inflation are imbalance between demand and supply of money, changes in production and distribution cost and increase in taxes on products. All these changes are dependent on the macroeconomic policies of the government including fiscal and monetary policies that are accountable for making changes in tax rate and interest rate and supply of the money available (McEachern, 2013). For instance, when the government reduces taxes, it increases the disposable income of the consumers causing higher demand and increase in inflation. In addition, the government spending causes extra demand in the economy that also causes inflation. A fall in interest rates also stimulates the demand of products and causes imbalance in supply and demand and creates infl ation. Cause(s) of inflation in the UK economy: In the UK economy, country also faced high inflation after financial crisis in 2008 due to government reforms in terms of reduction in tax rates and interest rates. Lower interest rate and cut in tax rates contributed in the availability of disposable income of consumers and made the money available for them to purchase the goods and services leading to an increase in prices of products and services and rise in inflation rate (McEachern, 2011). But after 2011, there is a significant drop in inflation due to changes in oil prices at international level that has reduced the level of inflation in the country causing deflation and zero-economy. Governments measures to achieve stable price: Government has taken several measures to achieve stable price by reforming the macro-economic policies. For this, government has made some changes in fiscal and monetary policies by affecting tax rate and interest rate to stable price. The UK government is likely to retain the inflation rate of 2% to achieve stable price. For this, the Bank of England set interest rates as it has sustained interest rate of 0.5% since 2009 after the financial crisis in 2008. The low-interest rate has helped the country to achieve stable price (Mcrae, 2015). It is because low interest rate encourages the producers to make more investments and keep the prices of goods lower that is effective to produce cost effective products. In addition, rise in tax rate after 2009 also has contributed in stabilization of price by reducing purchasing power of people. Conclusion On the basis of the above discussion, it can be concluded that it is essential for an economy to take better measures and policies to improve the economic conditions of the country. The UK economy can be said in good condition due to increasing GDP and decreasing inflation rate. But at the same, there is an increasing trend in unemployment rate that shows the ineffectiveness of the government to take better measures to provide more jobs. In addition, it is also concluded that government of UK has taken several measures to improve economic conditions, but still, there is a need for the government to take effective measures through changes in fiscal and monetary policies to make betterment in economy of the country. References EUbusiness (2014) United Kingdom: country overview. GOV.UK (2016) 2010 to 2015 government policy: sustainable development. GOV.UK (2016) 2010 to 2015 government policy: UK economic growth. Lambert, S. (2016) When will interest rates rise? Bank's lone wolf ends his hike calls, as outlook for a rise drifts to 2017. Mankiw, N. (2014) Principles of macroeconomics. USA: Cengage Learning. Mankiw, N.G. (2012) Principles of Microeconomics. USA: Cengage Learning. McEachern, W.A. (2011) Economics: A Contemporary Introduction. USA: Cengage Learning. McEachern, W.A. (2013) Microeconomics: A Contemporary Introduction. USA: Cengage Learning. McTaggart, D., Findlay, C. and Parkin, M. (2012) Microeconomics. Australia: Pearson Higher Education AU.