The Bulgarian And Soviet Virus Factories Essays - Computer Viruses

The Bulgarian and Soviet Virus Factories The Bulgarian and Soviet Virus Factories ======================================== Vesselin Bontchev, Director Laboratory of Computer Virology Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria 0) Abstract =========== It is now well known that Bulgaria is leader in computer virus production and the USSR is following closely. This paper tries to answer the main questions: Who makes viruses there, What viruses are made, and Why this is done. It also underlines the impact of this process on the West, as well as on the national software industry. 1) How the story began ====================== Just three years ago there were no computer viruses in Bulgaria. After all, these were things that can happen only in the capitalist countries. They were first mentioned in the April issue of the Bulgarian computer magazine "Komputar za vas" ("Computer for you") [KV88] in a paper, translated from the German magazine "Chip" [Chip]. Soon after that, the same Bulgarian magazine published an article [KV89]], explaining why computer viruses cannot be dangerous. The arguments presented were, in general, correct, but the author had completely missed the fact that the majority of PC users are not experienced programmers. A few months later, in the fall of the same year, two men came in the editor's office of the magazine and claimed that they have found a computer virus. Careful examination showed that it was the VIENNA virus. At that time the computer virus was a completely new idea for us. To make a computer program, whose performance resembles a live being, is able to replicate and to move from computer to computer even against the will of the user, seemed extremely exciting. The fact that "it can be done" and that even "it had been done" spread in our country like wildfire. Soon hackers obtained a copy of the virus and began to hack it. It was noticed that the program contains no "black magic" and that it was even quite sloppily written. Soon new, home--made and improved versions appeared. Some of them were produced just by assembling the disassembly of the virus using a better optimizing assembler. Some were optimized by hand. As a result, now there are several versions of this virus, that were created in Bulgaria --- versions with infective lengths of 627, 623, 622, 435, 367, 353 and even 348 bytes. The virus has been made almost two times shorter (its original infective length is 648 bytes) without any loss of functionality. This virus was the first case. Soon after that, we were "visited" by the CASCADE and the PING PONG viruses. The later was the first boot--sector virus and proved that this special area, present on every diskette can be used as a virus carrier, too. All these three viruses were probably imported with illegal copies of pirated programs. 2) Who, What & Why. =================== 2.1) The first Bulgarian virus. ------------------------------- At that time both known viruses that infected files ( VIENNA and CASCADE) infected only COM files. This made me believe that the infection of EXE files was much more difficult. Unfortunately, I made the mistake by telling my opinion to a friend of mine. Let's call him "V.B." for privacy reasons.(1) ................................................................... [(1) These are the initials of his true name. It will be the same with the other virus writers that I shall mention. Please note, that while I have the same initials (and even his full name resembles mine), we are two different persons.] ................................................................... The challenge was taken immediately and soon after that I received a simple virus that was able to infect only EXE files. It is now known to the world under the name of OLD YANKEE. The reason for this is that when the virus infects a new file, it plays the "Yankee Doodle" melody. The virus itself was quite trivial. Its only feature was its ability to infect EXE files. The author of this virus even distributed its source code (or, more exactly, the source code of the program that releases it). Nevertheless, the virus did not spread very widely and even had not been modified a lot. Only a few sites reported to be infected by it. Probably the reason for this was the fact, that the virus was non--resident and that it infected files only on the current drive. So the only possibility to get infected by it was to copy an infected file from one computer to another. When the puzzle of creating a virus which is able to infect EXE files was solved, V.B. lost his interest in this field and didn't write any other viruses. As far as I know, he currently works in real--time signal processing. 2.2)

Legal Research Essays

Legal Research Essays Legal Research Essay Legal Research Essay Essay Topic: Law Simon, a first year law student, decided to buy a DVD for use at university. He wanted a machine that would play his own DVDs as he had a collection of films he had copied from video to DVD at home. He explained exactly what he wanted at the shop. However, when he got the machine home he found it would not play home-recorded material, but it did play the pre-recorded DVDs he had bought. He went back to the shop but they said they did not have the machine he wanted at that he could not have his money back as the DVD player they sold him was in perfect working order. Simon, deciding he needed a break booked a holiday, looking for: Sun, sand and Sangria. He told the holiday agents exactly what he wanted; lots of people, a full night life, luxury accomodation and the beach. He was assured that Hotel Luxor in Macedonia in July would be perfect to meet his needs. He took the holiday, paying by credit card. On his arrival, he found himself booked into a small chalet in the mountains, where it snowed. There was no room service,lights out at 10.00 pm and the only other guest at the chalet was a surly sheep. Thoroughly dissapointed, Simon returned to Liverpool to resume his law studies. However, he had not paid his full fees from the previous year and was not allowed to enrol on the degree. Advise Simon of his legal remedies in all the above circumstances. Thus, proceeds of every centavo a buyer gives off should be made known to him. The economic dispute among micro-businesses and that of retail stores has been an immense issue for the competition has been leveling up as time goes by. The drastic effect does not Just concern their industry but mostly the welfare of the end consumers. Therefore it is a must to discern the monetary outflow of the sales incurred by the shopping malls and those of the Mess or Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. Acknowledgement The satisfaction and euphoria which accompany the triumphant completion of any task would be incomplete without mentioning the people who made it possible and We, the researchers, would like to extend our deepest gratitude to Tatty. Cleveland Z. Bulla who really had inspired us through his valuable insights to continue with our work. Also our appreciation to the pecuniary and moral support our parents have given us. We are deeply indebted to them for without their assistance, this report would not have been a possibility. List of Tables List of Figures

Animal Farm Power corrupts

Animal Farm, by George Orwell, is a complex book, which conveys a lot information. The book is basically a parallel of the Russian Revolution, but Orwell also wrote this book with, as an objective, to understand the major theme: power corrupts. This theme is obviously presented in the novel, but to simplify your understanding of this essay, Napoleon will be used as an example of a corrupted individual by power. To conclude this introduction, the corruption of Napoleon will be presented under three aspects: Desire, Achievements and absolute power. Dishonest by those in power’, despite the dictionary definition of the word, corruptions could be used in many ways and contexts, here is an example: Napoleon’s, Squealer’s and Snowball’s nature has been corrupted by old Major’s speech. Only his words and idea corrupted the pigs’ nature. Napoleon forgot what he was and only foreshadowed what he would be as a leader. I think that this is the first step of how power corrupts someone. The desire of power makes Napoleon forget about his own nature because he only sees how he could rule the farm. This desire came from the pigs’ inferiority to Mr. Jones and to add some more Napoleon was for sale, so his value to the farm owner was even more relevant. It is the same story in the real life, with Joseph Stalin and the Tsar Nikolay Alexandrovich Romanov or Nicholas II. Stalin was a peasant which from nothing got the absolute power because the desire that he had to get it was so big and did some smart moves, just like Napoleon. Stalin took advantage from the situation to get out of his labor class. This communicates that we, inferior people, ‘’hate’’ so much powerful individuals. Not because they are because we would so much like to take their place. This feeling could be summarized with the word jealousy, desire and pride. Let’s get back to our pig, only the idea got him ready to take Mr. Jones’ place, by learning the alphabet and creating animalism as it is said at the page 13 of the novel. Those are two hints proving Napoleon’s corruption and so only because of an old individual who said I had a dream! Now that the corruption cycle started, our pig, Napoleon is ahead of the ‘’temporary government’’ followed with Squealer and Snowball. They took control of the farm and now get advantages which will get them attached to their power. They now could do anything from the farm as they are the leading group and they have Squealer which is all the propaganda that cover up their dishonest activities. One of these activities is stated at the page 14 when Squealer explains to the animals that the pigs need the milk and the apple for their health, that if the pigs were to get sick Mr. Jones would be back on the farm. So all the animals concluded that the milk and the apples shall be reserved for the pigs. We clearly see that the pigs are now manipulating he others animals, another proof that their intentions are again corrupted by power as if the pigs wouldn’t had it, they would never had lie to the other animals on the farm. It’s the same story in real life, Stalin and Trotsky, when Nikolay died, with the control of the Medias they (Squealer) they set up exactly what they wanted. More corrupted than the others, Stalin even took control of one Newspaper and made it the national journal calling it ‘’La Pravda’’ which means the truth in English, by doing so he gets another key to control the population. This show the ‘’Facette’’ of power that everybody would like: the benefits that corrupts. At this point, our individual, Napoleon has already reached a certain level of corruption as he gains more and more power. The last step he can reach is, absolutism and to do so he need to eliminate any other leader and get another way to control despite Squealer to gain the ultimate power. This is exactly what Napoleon will do, by chasing Snowball off the charm with the puppies he took from their mother as it is written at the page 21 of the book. Here we can see the complete corruption of Napoleon as he now has all the power he wanted, he does anything he wants even what is forbidden by the amendment, like drinking alcohol or sleeping in beds. In a parallel world, it’s the same story with Joseph Stalin, who exiled Trotsky, the only other leader that limited his powers. In the both world this complete corruption could be seen because of one detail. Both leaders killed to get their entire power without any problem, act that no slave, normal person or powerless human could do without getting punished. On a deeper level we can even say that by doing so the leaders corrupted their fate and souls because killing is the only way to ‘’divide’’ in a breaking way your soul. Finally everyone would absolutely like to get power as it gets you ‘’higher’’ than others, everyone would enjoy it as it gets you benefits and finally everyone would like to be upon everyone else as it’s human nature. The power really corrupts and one of the main reasons is that man will always want more: let’s take a guy in a Porsche parking beside a Honda civic, he will feel good but he know his power is limited as the dude at the cross light laughs in his Ferrari but even him feels limited when he see that family passing by on their yacht at port. Even them when they are enjoying the sun will see a private jet taking off they will know that the person inside is even more powerful. This cycle will never end because even the owner of this private jet will feel inferior to the guy in the space station with his clown nose. This only shows us that power corrupts because men will always want more as feeling such as happiness aren’t supposed to be developed with properties material and power.

Case Analysis of Mattel's China Experience Study

Analysis of Mattel's China Experience - Case Study Example Following the launch, Mattel transformed the toy commerce with the production of talking dolls and toys. Mattel went public in the year 1960 and almost immediately managed to feature among top five hundred largest U.S industrial syndicates. Mattel introduced Hot Wheels in 1968. This was an instant success, second to only Barbie in terms of popularity and sales. Mattel experienced massive recall of a variety of its products manufactured in and shipped from China in 2007. They included toothpaste, automobile tires, dog food, and seafood. CEO Robert Eckert was staring a crisis in the eye and by the time things cooled down, the firm had recalled 19 million toys Chinese manufactured toys. Upset customers threatened to shun Chinese made toys as the recalls elicited concerns over the quality of outsourcing in China. Key Issues In August 2007, Mattel recalled millions of their toys as a result of threatening amounts of lead paint. Mattel had contracted Chinese manufacturers to produce toys o n their behalf, but overlooked the fact that some restrictions enforced in the U. S. were not valid in China. Because Mattel had contracted Chinese manufacturers for 20 years without hiccups, they found no reason to doubt their workmanship in 2007. Definition of the Problem The problem for Mattel was not the recall of the products, but the events, which occasioned the recall. The management neglected the fact that the regulations in China were different for the U.S. Disappointed customers warned of shunning Chinese made toys as the recalls elicited concerns over the toy safety assessment procedure, the quality of outsourcing in China. Alternative Solutions Some effectual plans, which the company may have utilized, include adding-on to and re-innovating their current product lines, stepping up its advertising endeavors in its main product lines and also leadership change. These would steer the company to even greater height in terms of revenues, staff commitment and implementation of safety regulations. Selected Solution to the Problem Apart from being business oriented, leadership should also be a key priority for Mattel. Before Robert Eckert became its CEO, Jill Barad, the former CEO had presided over a period of deteriorating performance in terms of sales and production and many found her management approach unacceptable. Robert Eckert can be credited by bringing steadiness and certainty in addition to introduction of new packaging procedures, among them labeling in various languages to dispatch them to the various destinations. Eckert managed to boost international through globalization. Some of their most distinguished products like Barbie were availed in international markets and did remarkably well. The numerous leadership changes could be party responsible for the recall incident, since every leader had their own approach for making Mattel successful. Some stability in leadership can ensure consistency in performance and stem oversight which may adverse ly affect business. Implementation Some of their Mattel’s most distinguished products like Barbie were availed in international markets and did remarkably well. Simply put, the better the manager, the more engaged the staff. Best leaders supervise the happiest, most engaged, and most committed employees, translating to higher returns and happy clients. Recommendations For Mattel to remain an industry trailblazer, it must utilize leadership skills to

Nursing- Case study- skill analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing- Case study- skill analysis - Essay Example These data can as well point out the possible complications that the health team must give priority in the duration of the patient’s stay in the hospital and especially during the surgical procedure (Rawlinson & Alderson, 2009, p. 2). The knowledge of these factors â€Å"will enable the surgeon to ensure that they are under optimal control before he operates, and that their presence is continually taken into consideration† (Plessis, 2005, p. 160). It is relevant that baseline data of the vital signs comprising of the temperature level, pulse and respiratory rates, blood pressure and consciousness level, be obtained from the patient. These vital signs are Mr. Taylor’s basic health indicators which represent his current status in the time of the assessment. Moreover, Plessis (2005) indicated that this baseline data are also â€Å"use(d) after surgery as comparative data against which the progress of the patient is measured† (p. 160). Improvement or maintenance of a normal set of vitals signs indicates effectiveness of the surgical procedure or medical management and absence of clinical complications. Decline from the baseline data in the postoperative period, on the other hand, may signify that further medical or surgical measures are to be taken. Preoperative assessments are needed to measure "the physiological, psychological and social needs of the patient undergoing surgery" (Oakley, 2005, p. 4). Each of these aspects must be individually given priority as they can affect the readiness of the patient to undergo the procedure. Before patients sign the informed consent, nurses must make sure that the patient or their family understands all the information pertaining to the surgical procedure as must be given by the surgeons and seconded by nurses. Moreover, nurses should also ascertain that the consent are given voluntarily and not as a result of pressure from any member of

The positive aspects of media Essay Example for Free

The positive aspects of media Essay Media is part of our everyday life. We take the knowledge we get through newspapers, television, the Internet and radio for granted and often we tend to focus on the negative influence it has on the society. In this essay I am going to discuss aspects of media which can also have a negative impact but which usually benefit the world we live in. The media is easily accessible one can buy a newspaper in any city of the world or find a television or radio signal. People know a lot more than they did a century ago. For example, media plays an important role in educating people about health and diet. There are articles in newspapers which give general tips about how to be more healthy but also stories which tell people to do regular check-ups for cancer. The fact that media is accessible and educates people might be part of the reason why modern people live longer. The fact that media is widespread contributes to the fact that it cannot be controlled by a single authority. The media brings many different views to the public and anyone who has access to the Internet can write his own opinion about the matter at hand. A few years ago in Estonia there was a conflict between two different nationalities the Estonians and the Russians. The conflict was about different historical opinions and since practice showed that the two parties cannot come to an agreement by talking things through, the Internet was a good place to find different arguments on both sides and calmly come to an agreement. Media acted as a bridge or mediator between the two sides of conflict. We can rely on the knowledge we get through the media when we have seen or heard the person who has immediate contact with the matter at hand. Our knowledge has to be reliable because otherwise we would be unable to have a justified opinion about different issues. Millions of people watched the elections of Americas president. The television helped them to develop an opinion about the worlds most powerful man and rely on the fact that he is not made up or and everything they know about him is cohering with what they have read from the newspapers. Besides the negative aspects of the media it also has a lot of positive factors. For example it is easily accessible, it mirrors many different viewpoints of different matters and it also brings us the immediate experience of the events instead of hearing about them from another source. The media has many aspects which deserve praise and which make our society to be more democratic and educated.

The Day I Found Joy Essay -- Personal Narrative, essay about myself

"We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars." -- Oscar Wilde One of the things that has always puzzled me is human nature, our joys, fears and madness. The very source of the painful cramps of the soul that we call sadness, and the source of the multicolor soft parade that we call happiness. Those feelings have been with us since we saw the light, and are going to be there until the dark and graceful death decides to cover the light of life with her soft wings. They shape everything that makes us, our face, our expression, our spirit, our minds, our future and our past. Those feelings are what drive us to construct and to destroy, make us love something deeply, or with a little bit of poison (like one of the Borgias), make us hate something with passion. The source of happiness and sadness is the missing link that I've always looked for, something so strong that will wake up my senses and show me the mystery that surrounds life. And one day, I found IT. It happened almost a year ago, on a bright spring day. The name of the day was Saturday and the place was Smallville, the city where I was born and raised. I woke up early for a Saturday, around nine a.m. I had breakfast and decided to go downtown for a walk. It was a very beautiful morning, a very beautiful sky, birds singing over the trees, falling in love because of the spring. It was as good as it was going to get in a big town. Of course I wasn't alone; there were hundreds of people walking in those same streets. There were young people, businessmen, many different people, and they were all in a hurry, probably to go to work. I could hear short steps, TAP-TAP-TAP, and I could see many feet walking fast, very fast. Wh... ...all of that but the only thing I could say was, "Yes, brother, do it, dance, dance!!" We smiled together; the people around did too. It was glorious! I don't know if he was an angel, a dream, or a real person, I never will, but that Saturday morning he taught us all a lesson of life, of love, of all the beautiful things that exist in the world. He reminded me of the words of Jesus Christ: "Heaven is not here or there, it's inside of you." It's a state of mind, it's the ecstacy of breathing, is inner peace, is happiness. So you, whoever reads this, smile, hug a friend, go home and kiss your parents, the ones that gave you the great gift of life. Shake hands for no reason--maybe he needs it. Be thankful for everything that you have, for your eyes, for your legs, for your existence. Be joyful and be in peace. And have lots of faith, please.

Web Browser

Google optimise code by compressing the code. Browser detection – detect which version of browser user is using to adjust viewing settings Security issues? Tested? Wc3. org GPI apps ie libreoffce Elearning per version Help email/telephone Dl unit 20 Explore how web pages using scripts are implemented in different web browsers Various versions of browsers require specific scripts because the older browsers will need to use the older scripts as they are not designed to run on the later browsers owever, all scripts will run on all browsers so there is not a problem with the type of script but more the version.To help try to counter this problem the developer can include varied versions of the scripts in comments so that the webpage will load on both old and new browsers. The comments will provide a way to hide the code so that there is less confusion. The comments will need to be removed though if the user updates their browser to a newer version as they will need to read what is in the comments rather than what isn't. This is an effective way of providing support for multiple versions of browsers without having to rewrite the code repeatedly as you can Just change the comments to change the version of the script to what the browser supports.Older browsers are more likely to render pop up messages whereas the newer versions will use data validation to check information. The older version forced the user to make a simple choice (usually selecting an option using boxes or radio buttons), this was an effective method to make sure that the nformation that was input was valid, it may not be true as the user may have selected the wrong box by mistake, but it did limit the chance of a mistake being made as they didn't have to spell anything.When compared to nowadays where we use validation rules to check that the data that the user has input is this gives the illusion that the user has been given more control over what is input however, they still have to match th e criteria so that the data that they use is valid. Newer browsers lso have navigation features like the anchor, which is used to direct the user to a specific part of the page when clicked.These can be good when the user is reading a long document (i. e. a manual) and they want to skip to a certain part, using an anchor they could Jump to the page that they are looking for without having to skip past it. Google optimises their code so that it is compressed so that it can be uploaded faster so the user will be able to view the webpage faster. Web Browser By themavryan

How functional areas link Essay

In this assignment I will be discussing how functional areas link with each other within Tesco. The functional areas in any business can’t work alone; they must interact with other departments and have good communications within them. Most functional areas in Tesco deal with external people or organisations, these are called external links. For example, suppliers, which are usually contacted by the purchasing or production function to make orders; the R&D department then contacts specialist suppliers and research if the products they offer are of good quality; the finance department will check the suppliers invoices before they are paid to ensure there are no mistakes. Tesco’s staff will be contacted by the customers if they have any queries relating to the products, services or payments. The functional areas that can be involved in this are customer service and finance. Banks are contacted by the finance function about any issues that are related to bank accounts, loans or overdraft facilities. Functional areas such as HR may also contact government agencies, for example Job Centre Plus about any job vacancies that might be available in Tesco; and the Finance function will have to communicate with the HMRC to give account of how Tesco is doing financially and about the payroll of the staff. SalesDistributionHuman Resources FinanceThe sales function and the finance function link to each other in Tesco because sales is responsible for selling the products/services, and then it has to give all the information to the finance department to record all money earned from sales. Based on the information that the sales function gives, the finance function can work out the profit Tesco is making, check if payments from customers are being made, and chase overdue payments. This is important for the success of Tesco because if the finance doesn’t know how the sales are doing it cannot draw up any conclusions on how good or bad the finance of the company is to inform the shareholders or to improve what needs to be improved. The finance is also the function that determines whether the company is or isn’t liquid, so it has to keep in touch with sales (and other functions) to ensure that they are not spending more money than what they have or should.The distribution function relates to the finance function in Tesco because the finance must know when the deliveries are ready and dispatched so that the finance function can send out invoices to the customers. Finance also has to tell the delivery department whether a purchase has been paid or not, and if it hasn’t the delivery cannot happen before the customer has paid for the purchase. It’s important that they work together because if they don’t communicate with each other the customers would be getting the invoices before their products arrived or they would be getting their products before they even paid for it, and if the person isn’t honest the result could be that the person would bother paying for the products as it already has them.Human resources links with the Finance function because HR is responsible for the payroll of staff, and decide whether they get bonuses or not, so they tell the finance department how much to pay each employee. If they didn’t communicate with each other the finance department wouldn’t know how much each employee should be paid, or how to work out their payment without the HR giving information about how many hours each employee worked, and if the finance paid the wrong wage, or paid the wrong wage to the wrong person there would be lots of issues and complaints and they would have more work to do after all to sort out all the payments. Customer ServiceSales function and Customer Service function link to each other in Tesco because the sales staff must be able to provide an excellent customer service to Tesco customers because this is what will encourage them to shop in Tesco and become loyal customers. Sales staff also must be able to respond to any questions and queries customers might have, for example, to do with sales, promotions, if a product is in stock, how a product works and to give technical advice. If sales staff and customer service staff don’t work together to meet the needs and expectations of customers, then customers will start to think that Tesco isn’t a good place to shop and that the staff isn’t well trained and prepared to work there and provide help and information, so they will go to other supermarkets that provide better customer service Tesco will start to lose more and more customers and this will decrease their profit which in an extreme case can then lead for the closing down of the company. The distribution function links with the Customer service function because if the deliveries are being made and the right time to the right customers, and if the delivery is very quick, then customers will be loyal to Tesco because they will see that it provides a quick and good customer service. This is important for the reputation of Tesco because if customers are satisfied with the customer service provided during the delivery, for example, not taking too long to get the goods delivered, if the products are of good quality, if the employee who delivers the goods is very polite and helpful, the customer will always be shopping in Tesco, using the delivery service and will probably recommend this to friends and family, or even leave a feedback on Tesco’s website where lots of people all around the country can see, and Tesco’s’ reputation will be enhancing and more and more people will be shopping in Tesco and even using the delivery service and this will have positive impacts on Tesco’s as a company and financially. Human Resources links with customer service because HR is responsible for training staff on how to provide a good customer service, so the HR has to prepare new employees to deliver excellent customer service in Tesco. If the HR doesn’t prepare/giver the appropriate training to new staff on customer service, the employees might not be able to deal will certain situations which can let customers down and this can lead to Tesco losing customers. The HR also needs to make regular checks on senior staff to ensure that they are always providing a good customer service and give training if there are any new methods, new technology, or new ways of providing a better customer service. By ensuring these things all the employees will always be up to date on how to better meet customers needs and expectations and Tesco will be more and more successful. // o;o++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16);return t},a=function(e){e=e.match(/[\S\s]{1,2}/g);for(var t=†Ã¢â‚¬ ,o=0;o < e.length;o++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(e[o],16));return t},d=function(){return "studymoose.com"},p=function(){var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocol;if(p.indexOf("http")==0){return p}for(var e=0;e

Submissions and Submittals

Submissions and Submittals Submissions and Submittals Submissions and Submittals By Maeve Maddox Scott asks: Would you comment on the differences in the nouns submittal and submission to denote a document submitted to someone or, perhaps, uploaded to a website? Â  Which is better and under what circumstances? The major sources, Strunk and White, Chicago, for example, dont mention them. Â  I prefer the concrete submittal because the word submission has so many other meanings, but Im having a hard time proving it. The OED has a very meagre entry for the word submittal: The act of submitting. It offers a single example, from an American source dated 1888 that refers to a letter of submittal. Merriam-Webster gives the word the same short shrift: an act of submitting. In legal use submission has four possible meanings: agreement to abide by a decision or to obey an authority reference to the decision or judgement of a (third) party the referring of a matter to arbitration a theory of a case put forward by an advocate And, of course, submission can mean the action of submitting to a conquering power. In its well-established general sense, submission means the act of submitting a matter to a person for decision or consideration. Although absent from the two dictionaries cited above, the word submittal does enjoy a specialized use among architects and construction managers. Answers.com offers these definitions: Submittals in Construction Management are shop drawings, material data, and samples. Product data submittals, samples, and shop drawings are required primarily for the architect and engineer to verify that the correct products will be installed on the project. Architecture: materials such as samples or manufacturers’ data that are submitted to the architect for approval; usually a requirement of the contract documents. The readers objection to the use of submission is that it has so many other meanings. This is not a very strong basis for objection. A great many of the words we use have many meanings. English speakers are used to rolling with the punches. For example, no one is going to misinterpret the meanings of the following sentences: Caesar sought the submission of the Gauls. My novel submission has been accepted by Harper-Collins. Context is all. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About Numbers3 Types of HeadingsWhile vs. Whilst

Ecological property the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra. A Essay

Ecological property the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra. A study on the flora and fauna - Essay Example Ecological property the Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra. A study on the flora and fauna The administration of these forests is run by the Directorate General of Forest conservation and forest protection. It is situated along the north, south and central part of the equator alongside the Bukit Barisan mountain range. These three areas have a much defined kind of flora and fauna, exhibiting a lot of diversity in their composition. Overall, these areas can be considered to be a hotbed for ecological diversity. However, the temperature can be said to be warm in general with higher temperatures, higher rainfall being experienced for nine months of the year in the wetter parts and seven months in the drier areas (Marshall et al., 2010). This has also been one of the contributing factors in the higher variety of the species. The humidity can also be highlighted, as it tends to maintain a constant value of close to 60 percent, especially above the altitudes of 1,700 metres. Overall, the temperature displays a consistency of being around 20-28 degree Celsius throughout the year (68 to 83 Fahrenheit). The Indonesian archipelago comprises 10 percent of the population of flowering plants and Sumatra is a part of the Sundaland hotspot. It has one of the largest rainforests in Southeast Asia, ranking along the likes of Borneo and Papua New Guinea (Thornton, 1997). The number of species of plants that inhabit this region is staggering. Almost 10,000 species of plants are present in these forest that range from coastal to sub-alpine conditions. It presents a rare opportunity for environmentalists; as such a diverse set of flora is very difficult to spot in any other part of the world. The constituent flora However, this flora is primarily shared in its constitution and composition with the region comprising west of Malisia spanning from the south of Thailand to the islands of New Guinea. Specifically, the northern region of Lake Toba has a very distinct Sumatran flora which is largely montane and sub-alpine kind of vegetation (Thornton, 1997). This area has 12 pe rcent of the species and around 17 percent of species which are endemic in composition. All the species are extremely rich, and the number totals close to 4,000. There are major differences between the highland and the lowland vegetation in these areas, and also among the north and south due to the presence of natural barriers. One of the distinctive features in the park is the presence of phyto-geographic regions, which vary according to the altitude. The tropical conditions are existent up to the elevation of 1,000 metres. In that, around 300 metres of the vegetation comprises of the coastal forest and other lowland varieties, 29 percent is the foothill forest from the elevation levels of 400 metres to 1, 300 metres, close to 31 percent is montane in the elevations of 1,000 to 1,500 metres; which is extremely rich in Fagaceae  and Lauraceae (Whitten, Damanik , Jazanul & Nazzaruddin , 2010)  . The lower 15 percent of those elevations are rich in mosses, rattans and palms, whils t the upper 20 percent is having acid loving plants as basal constituents. The remainder has subalpine forest and ericoid scrubs form an elevation of 2,400 metres to 3,400 metres. Around 91 of the species of flora have been

&quot;IS WAL-MART GOOD FOR AMERICA&quot; Assignment

"IS WAL-MART GOOD FOR AMERICA" - Assignment Example The decline of Rubbermaid in the period of 1994 to 2004 began when price of resin increased, and Wal-mart could not afford the new prices. In addition, reductions for products in the market influenced sale of Rubbermaid assets to Newell and the subsequent loss of jobs. In response, Wal-mart attested against Five Rivers. However, the company won the case. The outcome made Five Rivers more competitive and facilitated reevaluation of import duties that resulted in increased Chinese prices. I am surprised to discover the aggressiveness of Wal-mart in production and distribution of low-cost products. Specifically, I am perplexed about the innovative ideas of global sourcing concept and how the firm manages to influence prices of other commodities in America. Wal-mart strategies are fair yet they adversely affect other producers. However, in the context of buyers the tactics avail cheap goods for everyone. It is providing a broad range of products at rock-bottom cost taking into consideration the prevailing economic situations (Boone 2012) Wal-mart should embrace a collaborative management approach and diversify its production mechanisms to balance the needs of different stakeholders and workers. Wal-mart should train and involve workers in supply chain